Abstract
Asian maritime networks linking East Asia to the Indian Ocean fostered centuries of commercial exchange, religious circulation, and cultural transmission. Archaeological remains, documentary traditions, ritual practices, and shared artistic forms demonstrate the vitality of these routes as dynamic cultural systems rather than mere trading corridors. Melaka and Semarang, cities long associated with Zheng He’s voyages, provide compelling examples of how maritime heritage persists through both material traces and living traditions. Viewed through the framework of cultural route world heritage, these networks contributed significantly to processes of Islamization, inter-civilizational dialogue, and regional integration. Their historical patterns offer contemporary pathways for peacebuilding, cooperation, and heritage-based community development.
Abstrak
Jaringan maritim Asia yang menghubungkan Asia Timur dan Samudra Hindia memfasilitasi pertukaran komersial, peredaran agama, dan transmisi budaya selama berabad-abad. Tinggalan arkeologis, tradisi dokumenter, praktik ritual, dan bentuk seni bersama menggambarkan vitalitas rute maritim sebagai sistem budaya dinamis. Melaka dan Semarang, yang terkait erat dengan pelayaran Cheng Ho, menunjukkan bagaimana warisan maritim bertahan melalui jejak material dan tradisi hidup. Dalam kerangka cultural route world heritage, jaringan ini berkontribusi pada proses Islamisasi, dialog antarperadaban, dan integrasi kawasan. Pola sejarahnya menawarkan relevansi kontemporer bagi pembangunan perdamaian, kerja sama, dan pengembangan komunitas berbasis warisan budaya.
References
Al Qurtuby, S. (2003). Arus China Islam Jawa: Membongkar sejarah peranan Tionghoa dalam proses islamisasi di Nusantara pada abad ke-15 dan 16. Jogjakarta: Inspeal Press.
Andaya, B. W., & Andaya, L. Y. (n.d.). A history of Malaysia. Macmillan Education Ltd.
Anthony Reid. (1988). Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450–1680: Volume Two, expansion and crisis. Yale University Press.
Anthony Reid. (1993). Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450–1680 (Vol. II: Expansion and Crisis). Yale University Press.
Anthony Reid. (1998). Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450–1680, Volume I: The lands below the winds. Yale University Press.
Arnold Toynbee. (1976). Mankind and mother earth: A narrative history of the world. Oxford University Press.
Atjeh, A. (1955). Sedjarah Mesdjid. Banjarmasin: n.p.
Atmodarminto, R. (2000). Babad Demak dalam tafsir sosial politik. Jakarta: Millennium Publisher.
Azra, A. (n.d.). Jaringan ulama Timur Tengah dan Kepulauan Nusantara abad XVII dan XVIII. Bandung: Mizan.
Babad Tanah Djawi. (1939–1941). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Berg, C. C. (1955). The Islamization of Java. Studia Islamica, 4, 111–142.
Boxer, C. R. (n.d.). The Portuguese seaborne empire, 1415–1825. Hutchinson of London.
Broomhall, M. (1905). Islam in China: A neglected problem. London: Morgan & Scott Limited.
Budiman, A. (1979). Masyarakat Islam Tionghoa di Indonesia. Semarang: Penerbit Tanjung Sari.
Brook, T. (2010). The troubled empire: China in the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Choy, L. K. (1977). Indonesia between myth and reality. Singapore: Federal Publication.
Cœdès, G. (1975). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia (W. R. Vella, Ed.; S. B. Cowing, Trans.). Canberra: Australian National University Press.
De Graaf, H. J., & Pigeaud, T. G. Th. (1976). Islamic state in Java 1500–1700: A summary, bibliography and index. Leiden: KITLV.
De Graaf, H. J., & Pigeaud, T. G. Th. (1981). Surabaya dalam abad ke XVII: dari kerajaan sampai kabupaten. Yogyakarta: Jarahnitra.
De Graaf, H. J., & Pigeaud, T. G. Th. (1984). Chinese Muslims in Java in the 15th and 16th centuries: The Malay annals of Semarang and Cerbon. Monash University: Monash Papers on Southeast Asia No. 12.
Drewes, G. J. W. (1985). New light on the coming of Islam to Indonesia? In A. Ibrahim, S. Siddique, & Y. Husein (Eds.), Reading Islam in Southeast Asia (pp. n.p.). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Edel, J. (1938). Hikayat Hasanuddin. Meppel: Ten Brink.
Eredia, M. G. de. (1930/1997). Eredia’s description of Malaca, meridional India, and Cathay. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. VIII Part I.
Expert Meeting on “Routes as part of Our Cultural Heritage.” (1994, Nov. 24–25). WHC-94/CONF.003/INF.13. UNESCO World Heritage Committee, 19th session, Berlin 1995 (WHC-95/CONF.203/16).
Feng, C. J. (1955). 郑和下西洋考:序言 [Preface to Zheng He’s Voyages]. 中华书局.
Ge, Z. G. (2022). 亚洲史的研究方法:以近世东部亚洲海域为中心 [Methods of Asian History]. 商务印书馆.
Groeneveldt, W. P. (1960). Historical notes on Indonesia and Malaya compiled from Chinese sources. Jakarta: Bhratara.
Huan, M. (1433/1970). Ying-yai Sheng-lan: The overall survey of the ocean’s shores (Feng Ch’eng-Chun, Ed.; J. V. G. Mills, Trans.). Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.
Hubertus Liebner, H. (2014). The siren of Cirebon: A tenth-century trading vessel lost in the Java Sea. University of Leeds.
Ignatius, A. (2001, Aug 20–27). The Asian voyage: In the wake of the Admiral. Time Magazine. https://time.com/archive/6955555/the-asian-voyage-in-the-wake-of-the-admiral-2/
Israeli, R. (1980). Muslims in China: A study in cultural confrontation. London & Malmö: Curzon Press.
Ibn Battuta. (1964). The travels of Ibn Battuta (T. Harb, Ed.). Beirut: Dar Beirut.
Joe, L. T. (1931). Riwayat Semarang: Dari zamannya Sam Poo Sampai terhapusnya Kongkoan. Semarang & Batavia: Penerbit Boekhandel Ho Kim Yoe.
Ju-Kua, C. (1965). Chau Ju Kua: His works on the Chinese and Arab trade in the 12th & 13th centuries. China: Cheng Wen Publishing Company.
Kenneth, P., & Topik, S. (2015). The world that trade created: Society, culture, and the world economy, 1400 to the present. Routledge.
Kuwabara, J. (1928). On P’u Shou Keng: A man of the Western Regions… Japan: Toyo Bunko.
Lan, N. J. (1952). Tiongkok sepandjang abad. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Lin, L. H. (1967). Islam in Canton in the Sung period: Some fragmentary records. In F. S. Dranke & Wolrfarm (Eds.), Symposium on historical, archeological and linguistic studies on Southern China, Southeast Asia and the Hong Kong Region. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Lin, T. Y. (1984). 三宝垄历史 [History of Sam Po Kong]. 暨南大学华侨研究所.
Ma, I. T. Y. (1979). Perkembangan Islam di Tiongkok. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
Manoel Godinho de Eredia. (n.d.). Biography note: Born in Malacca… [Sumber tidak lengkap]
Marsono. (1988). Serat Kandaning Ringgit Purwa. Jakarta: Djambatan.
Muljana, S. (1968). Runtuhnja Keradjaan Hindu-Djawa dan Timbulnja Negara-negara Islam di Nusantara. Jakarta: Bhratara.
National Archaeological Research Center of Indonesia. (2019). [Sumber tidak lengkap]
Nocholas, T. (Ed.). (1992). The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia, Volume One: From early times to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press.
Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.).
Ors, M. S. B., & Ors, W. K. (2001). Sejarah kerajaan tradisional Cirebon. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Pak Soet. (1985). Gedung Batu Sam Po Kong. Tiga Serangkai.
Palindungan, M. O. (1969). Tuanku Rao. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Tandjung Pengharapan.
Pires, T. (1944). Suma Oriental (2 vols.; A. Cortesao, Ed.). London: The Hakluyt Society.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer. (2001). Arus balik: Sebuah epos pasca kejayaan Nusantara di awal abad ke-16. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra.
Reid, A. (2017). Female roles in pre-colonial Southeast Asia. In M. MacLeod & E. Rawski (Eds.), European intruders and changes in behavior and customs in Africa, America, and Asia before 1800. London: Routledge.
Seagrave, S. (1999). Para pendekar pesisir: Sepak terjang gurita bisnis Cina rantau. Jakarta: Alvabet.
Seong, T. Y. (1963). Chinese element in the Islamization of Southeast Asia: A study of the strange story of Njai Gede Pinatih, the grand lady of Gresik. Taipei: Taiwan Provincial Museum.
Silado, R. (2004). Sam Po Kong: Perjalanan pertama. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Schrieke, B. (1957). Ruler and realm in early Java. The Hague & Bandung: W. van Hoeve Ltd.
Stutterheim, W. F. (1948). De Kraton van Majapahit. Leiden: Brill.
Sumanto Al Qurtuby. (2009). The Tao of Islam: Ceng Ho and the legacy of Chinese Muslims in pre-modern Java. Studia Islamika, 16(1), 57.
Timothy Brook. (2010). The troubled empire: China in the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Belknap Press.
Van den Berg, L. W. C. (1989). Hadramaut dan koloni Arab di Nusantara. Jakarta: KITLV.
Van Leur, J. C. (1955). Indonesian trade and society. The Hague: W. van Hoeve.
Vlekke, B. H. M. (1943). Nusantara: A history of the East Indian archipelago. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wang, G. W. (1987). 东南亚与华人 [Southeast Asia and the Chinese]. 中国友谊出版公司.
Wang, G. (2003). The Nanhai trade: Early Chinese trade in the South China Sea. Eastern Universities Press.
Wardi, S. (1950). Koempoelan cerita lama dari kota Wali. No place: Penerbit Wahju.
Werner von Trützschler. (2004). The evolution of the concept of cultural routes. International Scientific Conference on Cultural Routes, Ferrol, Espagne, 1–3 Octobre, 60.
Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world-system: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world-economy in the sixteenth century. New York: Academic Press.
Zen, T. (1998). Manaqib Wali Tujuh di Bali dan Raja-raja Islam di Indonesia. Kediri: n.p.
Zhi, K. Y. (1996). Sam Po Kong dan Indonesia. Jakarta: Haji Masagung.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Li Pei Feng