Strategies of the Ulama in the Process of Islamization During Colonial Period in Nusantara
Keywords:
Ulama, Nusantara, Strategy, Colonial, Islamization
Abstract
This research focuses on the cultural strategies played by Indonesian ulama in the process of Islamization in the archipelago (Nusantara) during the colonial period. The cultural strategy built by Indonesian ulama is fundamentally inseparable from the seven elements of culture, namely knowledge, technology, economics, society, language, art, and religion. In this research, not all cultural elements are explained. Only the elements that were strategically directly used by ulama in Nusantara during the colonial period are explained. The method and concept of explanation is to explain the theory related to cultural elements according to experts, then contextualize it with the historical reality of Nusantara, especially the role of ulama in operating cultural elements as an Islamization strategy. Then, continued with relevant analysis, either as a conclusion or positioning it as an inspiration that gives birth to ideas. This research concludes that there are four cultural elements that were intensively played by Indonesian ulama in the Islamization process during the colonial period, namely the language system, political system, economic system, and knowledge system.
References
Bibliography
Abdullah, Taufik, “Islamic Literarture in Indonesia,” the Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy, editor, Khaled El-Rouayheb dan Sabine Schmidtke, (Oxford University Press, 2016)
______, Taufik, Tradisi dan Kebangkitan Islam di Asia Tenggara, (Jakarta: LP3S, 1989)
Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Busatamam, “Relasi Islam dan Politik dalam Sejarah Politik Aceh Abad 16-17,” At-Tahrir, Vol. 16, No. 2, November 2016.
Ajami, Fouad, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Pracatice Since 1967, (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
Almascaty, Hilmy Bakar, “Relasi Persia dan Nusantara pada Awal Islamisasi: Sebuah Kajian Awal Pengaruh Persia dalam Politik Aceh,” Media Syariah, Vol. XV, No. 1, Tahun 2013.
Almond, Gabriel and G Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Develompmental Approach, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1966)
Amin, M. Masyur, Metode Dakwah Islam dan Beberapa Keputusan Pemerintah tentang Aktivitas Keagamaan, (Yogyakarta: Sumbangsih, 1980)
Anderson, John dan Pietje van de Lindeloof, “Colonialism and Islam in Indonesia”, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2B, Tahun 2010.
Anita, Dewi Evi, “Walisongo: Mengislamkan Tanah Jawa, Suatu Kajian Pustaka,” Wahana Akademika, Vol. 1, No. 2, Tahun 2014
An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmad, Islam and The Secular State: Negoitating the Future of Sharia, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008)
Azra, Azyumardi, “Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals and Nationalism: A Review”, Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 41, No. 5.
Bilfaqih, Taufik, “Islam Nusantara; Strategi Kebudayaan NU di Tengah Tantangan Global,” Jurnal Aqlam, Journal of Islam and Plurality, Vol. 2 No. 1, Tahun 2016.
Burhani, A.N., “Pesantren in Indonesia: A Brief Overview”, Journal of Indonesian Islam, Vol. 11 No. 2.
Chaer, Abdul dan Leonie Agustina, Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1995)
Clifford, James, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century, (Harvard Unoversity, Press, 1997)
Dahl, Robert A., Modern Political Analysis, (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963)
Easton, David, The Political System, (New York: Knopf, 1953)
Effendi, “Politik Kolonial Belanda terhadap Islam di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Sejarah,” Jurnal TAPIs, vol. 8, No. 1, Tahun 2012.
Gonggong, Anhar, The Ulama and Their Competitive Interactions: Contesting Authority in Post-New Order Indonesia, (Belanda: Amsterdam University Press, 2020)
Graaf, H.J. De dan Pegeaud, Kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Jawa, terj. Grafiti Press dan KITLV (Jakarta: PT Grafiti Press, 1985)
Hadi, Amirul, Aceh and The Portuguese, A Study of The Struggle of Islam in Southeast Asia, (Canada: McGill University, 1992)
Hamka, Sejarah Umat Islam Singapore, (Singapura: Kerjaya Printing, 2002)
Harier, Idris El and El Hadji Ravane M’Baye, Aspects of Islamic Culture, The Spread of Islam Throughout The World, (Paris: United Nations Educational, 2011)
Hartono, “Diplomasi Aceh dan Turki Usmani: Kerjasama Dakwah Islam dalam Bingkai Perdagangan Abad XVI-XIX Masehi,” Al-Tsaqafa: Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam, Vol. 19, Tahun 2022.
Harun, M. Yahya, Kerajaan Islam Nusantara Abad XVI & XVII, (Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kurnia Kalam Sejahtera, 1995)
Hasan, Noorhaidi, Religion and Politics in Indonesia: The Role of Islam in the 2014 Elections (2015).
Hasjmy, A., Hilmy Bakar Almascaty, “Relasi Persia dan Nusantara pada Awal Islamisasi: Sebuah Kajian Awal Pengaruh Persia dalam Politik Aceh,” Media Syariah, Vol. XV, No. 1, Tahun 2013.
______, A., Kebudayaan Aceh dalam Sejarah, (Jakarta: Penerbit Beuna, 1983)
Hassan, Salah, “The Arabic Language in Nort Africa: Identity, Resistance, and Culture Heritage,” Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, Tahun 2010.
Hasyim, Syafiq, Kolonialisme, Umat dan Ulama: Menafsir Ulang Konflik-konflik Muslim-Kristen di Maluku, (2012).
Hefner, Robert W., “Islam an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia”, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 55, No. 3, Tahun 1996.
Ibrahim, Muhammad (dkk), Sejarah Daerah Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh, (Jakarta: Departemen P&K, 1991)
Ibrahim, T. Alfian, The Ulama in Acehnese Society: A Preliminary Observation, (Aceh: Pusat Latihan Penelitian Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Aceh, 1975)
Indriantoro, Nur dan Bambang Supomo, Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis untuk Akuntansi dan Manajemen, (Yogyakarta: BPFE-Yogyakarta, 2011)
Kadir, Syarifudin, Tradisi Islam dan Kekuasaan Kolonial: Sebuah Studi Kasus dalam Perlawanan di Minagkabau pada Tahun 1926-1927, (2018).
Kartodirdjo, Sartono (dkk), Sejarah Nasional Indonesia, (Jakarta, Balai Pustaka, 1977)
Khan, Muqtedar, Islamic Democratic Discourse: Theory Debates, and Philosophical Perspectives, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006)
Kridalaksana, Harimurti, Kamus Linguistik, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1984)
Kustyarini, “Sastra dan Budaya,” LIKHITAPRAJNA, Jurnal Ilmiah FKIP, Vol. 16, No. 2.
Lalami, Laila, “The Roots of Morocco’s Protest Movement, The New Yorker, 5 July 2017.
Lassweill, Harold, Politics: Who Gets What, When, How, (New York: Meridians Book, 1936)
Lohanda, Mona, Membaca Sumber Menulis Sejarah, (Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2011)
Mangaradja Onggang Parlindungan, Tuanku Rao, (Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2007)
Modelski, Geroge, Long Cycles in World Politics, (LiynneRienner Publishers, 1987)
Mujib, Ahmad, “Hubungan Bahasa dan Kebudayaan,” Adabiyyat, Vol. 8, No. 1, Tahun 2009.
Nuryantim, Windu, Karakter Bangsa dalam Pembangunan Kebudayaan, Makalah pada Seminar Nasional Bertajuk Mengukuhkan Strategi Kebudayaan Nusantara untuk Kedaulatan Bangsa yang diselenggarakan oleh Pengurus Pusat KAGAMA, Yogyakarta 16-17 Desember (2011)
Raharjo, M. Dawam, “Pesantren and madrasa: Muslim Educational Institutions in Indonesia,” Studia Islamika, Vol. 9 , No. 4.
Rahmat, Hadijah, “Islamic Education in Indonesia: A Continuing Challenge for the Future”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Vol. 20, No. 2.
Rasjidi, H.M., Strategi Kebudayaan dan Pembaharuan Pendidikan Nasional, (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1980)
Ricklefs, Aceh The Rise and Fall of Sultanate, (Singapura: National University of Singapore Press, 2010)
Sahir, Syafrida Hafni, Kebudayaan dan Aktivitas Sosio-Ekonomi Masyarakat Menengah Kota Medan Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, Procedings; International Seminar, Language, Literature, and Culture in Southeast Asia Theme: “Malay and Indonesian Studies”, (Medan: Graduate School of Linguistics, USU, 2019)
Said, Edward, Orientalism, (Vintage Books, 1979)
Santoso, Adi Purnomo dan Herman, “Strategi Kebudayaan dalam Negara Hukum untuk menyongsong Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru,” Jurnal Ilmu dan Budaya, Vol. 41, No. 73, Tahun 2020.
Satibi, Ibi, “Produk Pemikiran Hukum Islam di Kerajaan Islam Cirebon Abad Ke-18 M: Studi atas Kitab Hukum Adat Pepakem,” Jurnal Saintifika Islamica, Vol. 1, No. 2, Tahun 2014.
Siegel, James, A New Criminal Type in Jakarta: Counter-Revolution Today, (Duke University, 1998)
Stoler, Ann Laura, Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000)
Sueb, Muhammad, “Penelusuran Pola Islamisasi di Indonesia,” Mozaic Islam Nusantara, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2016.
Suminto, Aqib, Politik Islam Hindia Belanda, (Jakarta: LP3S, 1985)
Sunanto, Musyrifah, Sejarah Peradaban Islam Indonesia, (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005)
Surajiyo, “Hubungan dan Peranan Ilmu Terhadap Pengembangan Kebudayaan Nasional,” Jurnal IKRA-ITH Humaniora, Vol. 3, No. 3, Tahun 2019.
Suryo, Joko, Ekonomi Masa Kesultanan, dalam Taufik Abdillah dkk (ed). Ensiklopedia Tematis Dunia Islam (Dinamika Masa Kini), (Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve, 2002)
Syahbudi, “Pemikiran dan Gerakan Sistem Ekonomi Islam di Indonesia,” Hermeneia, Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2003.
Tendi, Marihandono dan Djoko Abdurakhman, “Between the Influence of Customary, Dutch, and Islamic Law: Jaksa Pepitu and Their Place in Cirebon Sultanate History,” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 57, No. 1, Tahun 2019.
Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistic, (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Yunus, Abd. Rahim, “Benih Kesatuan Nusantara pada Abad Ke-17 Melalui Ajaran Tasawuf,” Jurnal Adabiyah, Edisi Perdana, Tahun 1997.
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change, (New York: Oxford University, 2002)
Zulkarnain, Iskandar, Sejarah Aceh Abad Ke-17, (Aceh: Pustaka Iskandar Muda, 2013)
Abdullah, Taufik, “Islamic Literarture in Indonesia,” the Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy, editor, Khaled El-Rouayheb dan Sabine Schmidtke, (Oxford University Press, 2016)
______, Taufik, Tradisi dan Kebangkitan Islam di Asia Tenggara, (Jakarta: LP3S, 1989)
Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Busatamam, “Relasi Islam dan Politik dalam Sejarah Politik Aceh Abad 16-17,” At-Tahrir, Vol. 16, No. 2, November 2016.
Ajami, Fouad, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Pracatice Since 1967, (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
Almascaty, Hilmy Bakar, “Relasi Persia dan Nusantara pada Awal Islamisasi: Sebuah Kajian Awal Pengaruh Persia dalam Politik Aceh,” Media Syariah, Vol. XV, No. 1, Tahun 2013.
Almond, Gabriel and G Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Develompmental Approach, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1966)
Amin, M. Masyur, Metode Dakwah Islam dan Beberapa Keputusan Pemerintah tentang Aktivitas Keagamaan, (Yogyakarta: Sumbangsih, 1980)
Anderson, John dan Pietje van de Lindeloof, “Colonialism and Islam in Indonesia”, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2B, Tahun 2010.
Anita, Dewi Evi, “Walisongo: Mengislamkan Tanah Jawa, Suatu Kajian Pustaka,” Wahana Akademika, Vol. 1, No. 2, Tahun 2014
An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmad, Islam and The Secular State: Negoitating the Future of Sharia, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008)
Azra, Azyumardi, “Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals and Nationalism: A Review”, Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 41, No. 5.
Bilfaqih, Taufik, “Islam Nusantara; Strategi Kebudayaan NU di Tengah Tantangan Global,” Jurnal Aqlam, Journal of Islam and Plurality, Vol. 2 No. 1, Tahun 2016.
Burhani, A.N., “Pesantren in Indonesia: A Brief Overview”, Journal of Indonesian Islam, Vol. 11 No. 2.
Chaer, Abdul dan Leonie Agustina, Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1995)
Clifford, James, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century, (Harvard Unoversity, Press, 1997)
Dahl, Robert A., Modern Political Analysis, (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963)
Easton, David, The Political System, (New York: Knopf, 1953)
Effendi, “Politik Kolonial Belanda terhadap Islam di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Sejarah,” Jurnal TAPIs, vol. 8, No. 1, Tahun 2012.
Gonggong, Anhar, The Ulama and Their Competitive Interactions: Contesting Authority in Post-New Order Indonesia, (Belanda: Amsterdam University Press, 2020)
Graaf, H.J. De dan Pegeaud, Kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Jawa, terj. Grafiti Press dan KITLV (Jakarta: PT Grafiti Press, 1985)
Hadi, Amirul, Aceh and The Portuguese, A Study of The Struggle of Islam in Southeast Asia, (Canada: McGill University, 1992)
Hamka, Sejarah Umat Islam Singapore, (Singapura: Kerjaya Printing, 2002)
Harier, Idris El and El Hadji Ravane M’Baye, Aspects of Islamic Culture, The Spread of Islam Throughout The World, (Paris: United Nations Educational, 2011)
Hartono, “Diplomasi Aceh dan Turki Usmani: Kerjasama Dakwah Islam dalam Bingkai Perdagangan Abad XVI-XIX Masehi,” Al-Tsaqafa: Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam, Vol. 19, Tahun 2022.
Harun, M. Yahya, Kerajaan Islam Nusantara Abad XVI & XVII, (Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kurnia Kalam Sejahtera, 1995)
Hasan, Noorhaidi, Religion and Politics in Indonesia: The Role of Islam in the 2014 Elections (2015).
Hasjmy, A., Hilmy Bakar Almascaty, “Relasi Persia dan Nusantara pada Awal Islamisasi: Sebuah Kajian Awal Pengaruh Persia dalam Politik Aceh,” Media Syariah, Vol. XV, No. 1, Tahun 2013.
______, A., Kebudayaan Aceh dalam Sejarah, (Jakarta: Penerbit Beuna, 1983)
Hassan, Salah, “The Arabic Language in Nort Africa: Identity, Resistance, and Culture Heritage,” Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, Tahun 2010.
Hasyim, Syafiq, Kolonialisme, Umat dan Ulama: Menafsir Ulang Konflik-konflik Muslim-Kristen di Maluku, (2012).
Hefner, Robert W., “Islam an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia”, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 55, No. 3, Tahun 1996.
Ibrahim, Muhammad (dkk), Sejarah Daerah Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh, (Jakarta: Departemen P&K, 1991)
Ibrahim, T. Alfian, The Ulama in Acehnese Society: A Preliminary Observation, (Aceh: Pusat Latihan Penelitian Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Aceh, 1975)
Indriantoro, Nur dan Bambang Supomo, Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis untuk Akuntansi dan Manajemen, (Yogyakarta: BPFE-Yogyakarta, 2011)
Kadir, Syarifudin, Tradisi Islam dan Kekuasaan Kolonial: Sebuah Studi Kasus dalam Perlawanan di Minagkabau pada Tahun 1926-1927, (2018).
Kartodirdjo, Sartono (dkk), Sejarah Nasional Indonesia, (Jakarta, Balai Pustaka, 1977)
Khan, Muqtedar, Islamic Democratic Discourse: Theory Debates, and Philosophical Perspectives, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006)
Kridalaksana, Harimurti, Kamus Linguistik, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1984)
Kustyarini, “Sastra dan Budaya,” LIKHITAPRAJNA, Jurnal Ilmiah FKIP, Vol. 16, No. 2.
Lalami, Laila, “The Roots of Morocco’s Protest Movement, The New Yorker, 5 July 2017.
Lassweill, Harold, Politics: Who Gets What, When, How, (New York: Meridians Book, 1936)
Lohanda, Mona, Membaca Sumber Menulis Sejarah, (Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2011)
Mangaradja Onggang Parlindungan, Tuanku Rao, (Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2007)
Modelski, Geroge, Long Cycles in World Politics, (LiynneRienner Publishers, 1987)
Mujib, Ahmad, “Hubungan Bahasa dan Kebudayaan,” Adabiyyat, Vol. 8, No. 1, Tahun 2009.
Nuryantim, Windu, Karakter Bangsa dalam Pembangunan Kebudayaan, Makalah pada Seminar Nasional Bertajuk Mengukuhkan Strategi Kebudayaan Nusantara untuk Kedaulatan Bangsa yang diselenggarakan oleh Pengurus Pusat KAGAMA, Yogyakarta 16-17 Desember (2011)
Raharjo, M. Dawam, “Pesantren and madrasa: Muslim Educational Institutions in Indonesia,” Studia Islamika, Vol. 9 , No. 4.
Rahmat, Hadijah, “Islamic Education in Indonesia: A Continuing Challenge for the Future”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Vol. 20, No. 2.
Rasjidi, H.M., Strategi Kebudayaan dan Pembaharuan Pendidikan Nasional, (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1980)
Ricklefs, Aceh The Rise and Fall of Sultanate, (Singapura: National University of Singapore Press, 2010)
Sahir, Syafrida Hafni, Kebudayaan dan Aktivitas Sosio-Ekonomi Masyarakat Menengah Kota Medan Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, Procedings; International Seminar, Language, Literature, and Culture in Southeast Asia Theme: “Malay and Indonesian Studies”, (Medan: Graduate School of Linguistics, USU, 2019)
Said, Edward, Orientalism, (Vintage Books, 1979)
Santoso, Adi Purnomo dan Herman, “Strategi Kebudayaan dalam Negara Hukum untuk menyongsong Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru,” Jurnal Ilmu dan Budaya, Vol. 41, No. 73, Tahun 2020.
Satibi, Ibi, “Produk Pemikiran Hukum Islam di Kerajaan Islam Cirebon Abad Ke-18 M: Studi atas Kitab Hukum Adat Pepakem,” Jurnal Saintifika Islamica, Vol. 1, No. 2, Tahun 2014.
Siegel, James, A New Criminal Type in Jakarta: Counter-Revolution Today, (Duke University, 1998)
Stoler, Ann Laura, Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000)
Sueb, Muhammad, “Penelusuran Pola Islamisasi di Indonesia,” Mozaic Islam Nusantara, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2016.
Suminto, Aqib, Politik Islam Hindia Belanda, (Jakarta: LP3S, 1985)
Sunanto, Musyrifah, Sejarah Peradaban Islam Indonesia, (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005)
Surajiyo, “Hubungan dan Peranan Ilmu Terhadap Pengembangan Kebudayaan Nasional,” Jurnal IKRA-ITH Humaniora, Vol. 3, No. 3, Tahun 2019.
Suryo, Joko, Ekonomi Masa Kesultanan, dalam Taufik Abdillah dkk (ed). Ensiklopedia Tematis Dunia Islam (Dinamika Masa Kini), (Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve, 2002)
Syahbudi, “Pemikiran dan Gerakan Sistem Ekonomi Islam di Indonesia,” Hermeneia, Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner, Vol. 2, No. 2, Tahun 2003.
Tendi, Marihandono dan Djoko Abdurakhman, “Between the Influence of Customary, Dutch, and Islamic Law: Jaksa Pepitu and Their Place in Cirebon Sultanate History,” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 57, No. 1, Tahun 2019.
Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistic, (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Yunus, Abd. Rahim, “Benih Kesatuan Nusantara pada Abad Ke-17 Melalui Ajaran Tasawuf,” Jurnal Adabiyah, Edisi Perdana, Tahun 1997.
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change, (New York: Oxford University, 2002)
Zulkarnain, Iskandar, Sejarah Aceh Abad Ke-17, (Aceh: Pustaka Iskandar Muda, 2013)
Published
2024-06-12
How to Cite
Amru, M., Alnizar, F., & Madjied, M. (2024, June 12). Strategies of the Ulama in the Process of Islamization During Colonial Period in Nusantara. ISLAM NUSANTARA:Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture, 5(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47776/islamnusantara.v5i1.865
Section
Articles
